Key points:
- Temperament is innate and can make a child more or less likely to be shy, but can be modified by experiences and interactions.
- Social circumstances, including micro, meso, exo, and macrosystems, shape a child’s development, with parents and caregivers having the most influence in the microsystem.
- Parenting style, particularly authoritarian approach, can hinder a child’s development of autonomy and lead to shyness and other emotional and behavioral conflicts.
- A secure attachment and sense of security in the relationship with parents can build confidence and engagement in social situations, while an insecure relationship can lead to social difficulties in the future.
We all know that each person has a different personality and that some are more sociable and others are shyer. We even notice these qualities in children and babies! But what makes a child shy?
Role of temperament
Temperament is the innate part of a person’s personality, one that is apparent and not likely to change much throughout life. Thus, someone’s temperament can make them more or less likely to be shy and avoid social situations. However, not everything is set in stone, temperament can be slightly modified by experiences and interactions, especially during the early years.
Besides, there are many social circumstances that shape development. According to Bronfenbrenner’s bio-ecological model of development, there are several social systems in which a child is embedded.
- There’s the microsystem, which includes interactions with parents and other persons that appear in their day to day life.
- The mesosystem, which includes larger social structures like the school and neighborhood.
- The exosystem, which refers to the community as a whole.
- And the macrosystem, which takes into account cultural practices and values.
Nevertheless, a child spends most of their time interacting in the microsystem and the influences from the larger social structures are filtered through their day-to-day partners (parents or caregivers). Because of this, parents and caregivers have a great opportunity to contribute and shape the course of a child’s development.
The social interactions and temperament don’t act on their own, they exert a kind of dual-influence. The characteristics of children’s personality will provoke different reactions from parents and create opportunities for socialization. So, not only is the child influenced by their parents, but they also rear their parent’s behavior towards them. This creates a constant acting and reacting context, developing a relationship that will be the background of socialization for the child, from which they’ll learn to perceive, interpret, and respond during social situations, and to which they’ll return to in future experiences.
So what exactly makes a child shy?
What part of the parent-child relationship influences this characteristic the most? There are several findings that researchers have made.
On the one hand, there’s the parenting style. According to Baumrind, the different styles of parenting include: authoritative (warm and responsive), authoritarian (strict discipline and control), permissive (warm with no rules), and neglectful (cold and unresponsive). Scientists have found that parental control and the authoritarian approach to parenting, including practices like manipulating the emotional bond, being over-intrusive and anxious, or exerting strict, punitive, and severe control, can weaken or hinder the child’s development of autonomy and lead to withdrawal and shyness (amongst other emotional and behavioral conflicts).
On the other hand, research has shown that a secure attachment and sense of security that a child has in the relationship with their parents can be the building blocks for later confidence and engagement in social situations. Consequently, having an insecure relationship with parents can lead the child towards social difficulties in the future.
If your little one is shy, don’t worry. Remember that sometimes a child can be inherently reserved and it can take a little longer for them to warm up to new situations, places, and people. What’s important is that they’re not emotionally distressed, to the point that their shyness becomes disabling and doesn’t allow them to adapt.
If you want to learn more about shyness and its development through the different stages, make sure to read our future article “What makes a child shy? Part II”.
